Cyzicus - Clickable Map of the Roman Empire - First Century AD
Cyzicus
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Ancient Cyzicus Greek city of Mysia. Cyzicus was located on the neck of the peninsula connecting the island to Asia. During the Roman Empire the city was independent and prosperous. Tiberius Caesar incorporated Cyzicus with the empire, and the city remained the capital of Mysia, later the capital of Hellespontus, and became one of the greatest cities in the ancient world.
Cyzicus (Κύζικος). A celebrated city of Mysia, on the island of
the same name, situated partly in the plain which extended to the bridges
connecting the island with the continent, and partly on the slope of Mount
Arcton Oros. Its first foundation was ascribed to a colony of Pelasgi from
Thessaly, under the conduct of Cyzicus, son of Apollo. In process of time the
Pelasgi were expelled by the Tyrrheni, and these again made way for the
Milesians, who are generally looked upon by the Greeks as the real settlers, to
whom the foundation of Cyzicus is to be attributed. Cyzicus became, in process
of time, a flourishing commercial city, and was at the height of its prosperity
when, through the means of the kings of Pergamus, it secured the favour and
protection of Rome. Florus speaks of its beauty and opulence. The Cyzicene
commonwealth resembled those of Rhodes, Marseilles, and Carthage. The Romans, in
acknowledgment of the bravery and fidelity displayed by the Cyzicenians when
besieged by Mithridates (B.C. 75), granted to them their independence and
greatly enlarged their territory. Under the emperors, Cyzicus continued to
prosper, and in the time of the Byzantine sway it was the metropolis of the
Hellespontine province. Cyzicus gave birth to several historians, philosophers,
and other writers. The coins of this place, called Κυζικηνοὶ στατῆρες, were so
beautiful as to be deemed a miracle of art. (See Electrum.) Persephon� was
worshipped as the chief deity of the place, and the inhabitants had a legend
among them that their city was given by Zeus to this goddess as a portion of her
dowry. - Harpers Dictionary of
Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers.
Now, Cyzicus is protected by the Turkey's Ministry of Culture, and located on the Erdek and Bandırma roads in Turkey.
History
The city was probably founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly, according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts; later it received many colonies from Miletus, allegedly in 756 BC, but its importance began only after the Peloponnesian war, when the decay of Athens and Miletus set in. Alcibiades defeated the Lacedaemonians there (410 BC). The era of its Olympiads was reckoned from 135 or 139.
Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon. Its unique and characteristic coin, the Cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae.
During the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) Cyzicus was subject to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians alternately. In the naval Battle of Cyzicus in 410 during the Peloponnesian War, an Athenian fleet routed and completely destroyed a Spartan fleet. At the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), like the other Greek cities in Asia, it was made over to Persia. Alexander the Great later captured it from the Persians in 334 BC.
The history of the town in Hellenistic times is closely connected with that of the Attalids of Pergamon, with whose extinction it came into direct relations with Rome. Cyzicus was held for the Romans against king Mithridates VI of Pontus who besieged it with 300,000 men in 74 BC, but it withstood him stoutly, and the siege was raised by Lucullus: the loyalty of the city was rewarded by an extension of territory and other privileges. The Romans favoured it and recognized its municipal independence. Cyzicus was the leading city of Northern Mysia as far as Troas.
Under Roman Emperor Tiberius it was incorporated with the empire, but
remained the capital of Mysia, afterwards of Hellespontus, and became one of the
greatest cities in the ancient world.
Cyzicus was captured temporarily by the Arabs in 675. It appears to have been
ruined by a series of earthquakes since 443 � the last in AD 1063; it began to
be deserted as early as the eleventh century and the population was transferred
to Artaki at least as early as the 13th century, when the peninsula was occupied
by the Crusades. In the Ottoman era it was part of the caza of Erdek, in the
Anatolian vilayet of Brusa. - Wikipedia
Cyzicus CY�ZICUS
CY�ZICUS (ἡ Κύζικος: Eth. Κυζικηνός) and CYZICUM (Plin. Nat. 5.32; Mela, 1.19),
a city on the Propontis in Mysia, on the neck of a peninsula as Mela says. The
peninsula, which projects into the Propontis or sea of Marmora on the south
coast, is joined to the mainland by a sandy isthmus. Crossing this isthmus from
the mainland, a traveller finds on his left the miserable town of Erdek, the
ancient [1.740] Artace. [ARTACE] The site of Cyzicus is near the isthmus on the
east side, hi 40� 22′ 30″ N. lat. (Hamilton, Researches, &c. vol. ii. p. 103.)
The Turks call the ruins of Cyzicus Bal Kiz, the second part of which seems to
be a part of the ancient name; and Bal is probably a Turkish corruption of the
Greek Παλαία. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 271.) There is a place called Aidinjik near
the isthmus, on the mainland side, where there are many marble fragments which
have been brought from the neighbouring site of Cyzicus.
Strabo (p. 575) says that Cyzicus is an island in the Propontis, which is joined
to the mainland by two bridges, and very fertile: it is about 500 stadia in
circuit, and contains a city of the same name close to the bridges, and two
closed harbours, and shiphouses (νεώσοικοι) above 200: one part of the city is
on level ground, and the other is close to a hill, which they call Bear Hill (Ἄρκτων
ὄρος): there is another hill that lies above the city, a single height called
Dindymon, which contains a temple of Dindymene the mother of the gods, which was
founded by the Argonauts. Stephanus (s. v. Κύζικος) says that the town was also
called Ἄρκτων νῆσος. The junction of the island with the main is attributed to
Alexander by Pliny (5.32), who does not say how the junction was made.
Apollonius Rhodius, who wrote after Alexander's time, still calls it an island
(Argon. 1.936), but he also speaks of an isthmus. He names one of the ports
Chytus; the other was named Panormus, as the Scholiast tells us. It is said that
there are no signs of the bridges. The isthmus is above a mile long, and less
than half a mile broad. It seems probable that moles were pushed out some
distance, and then the opposite shores were connected by bridges. The whole
passage is now a sandy flat. Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. ii. p. 98) says, �we
crossed the sandy isthmus which connects Cyzicus with the mainland; near the
south end, many large blocks of stone, dug up in clearing a neighbouring
vineyard, had been collected into a heap.� �The east side of the isthmus is now
an extensive marsh, covered with reeds, and probably marks the site of the
principal port of Cyzicus, separated from the sea-shore by a low ridge of sand
hills thrown up by the united efforts of the winds and waves. Near the northern
extremity, a long ditch runs from E. to W. full of water, with a wall of great
strength, fortified by towers along its northern bank; its opening towards the
sea is choked up by drifted sand, but it seems to be the entrance through which
the galleys of Cyzicus were admitted to her capacious port.� (Hamilton.)
The ruins of Cyzicus are among cherry orchards and vineyards. There is a heap of
ruins covered with brushwood, where there are many subterraneous passages, some
of which may be explored to the length of more than a hundred feet. These
passages are connected with each other, and appear to be the substructions of
some large buildings. Cyzicus in Strabo's time had many large public buildings (Strab.
p. 575), and it maintained three architects to look after them and the machinery
(ὄργανα). It possessed three store-houses, one for arms, one for the machinery
or engines, and one for corn. �The masonry of these substructions is chiefly
Hellenic, but in some places the walls are only cased with blocks of stone: in
the roof of one of the vaults is a small square opening, regularly formed with a
keystone, all belonging to the original construction.� (Hamilton.) If these
substructions are not those of the public granary, they may belong, as Hamilton
suggests, to the great temple described by Aristides in his oration on Cyzicus
(vol. i. p. 237, ed. Jebb); but the extravagant bombast of this wordy
rhetorician diminishes our confidence in what he says. The Agora, he says,
contained a most magnificent temple, and he speaks of the parts below ground
being worthy of admiration. Xiphilinus (Dio Cass. vol. ii. p. 1173, ed. Reimarus)
says that the great temple of Cyzicus was destroyed by an earthquake in the time
of Antoninus Pius; but this must be a mistake, and he means to speak of the
great earthquake that destroyed Smyrna and other cities in the time of Marcus,
the successor of Pius. Aristides wrote a letter on the calamity of the city of
Smyrna, addressed to Aurelius and Commodus. This temple is described by
Xiphilinus as of extraordinary dimensions: the columns were fifty cubits high,
and of one stone. The Cyziceni used the white marble of Proconnesus for
building. (Strab. p. 588.) �About a mile NE. by N. from these substructions are
the remains of an amphitheatre, built in a wooded valley to the north of the
plain, where are the principal ruins of the city. Many of the pilasters and
massive buttresses have yielded to the influence of time, but seven or eight are
still standing on the west side of the valley, by which the circular form of the
building may be distinctly traced.� (Hamilton.) A small stream flows through the
middle of the arena; which circumstance, and the character of the masonry at the
upper end of the building, led Hamilton to suppose that the place was also used
as a Naumachia. On a wooded hill to the east of the city, situated above the
ruins, and near the apex of the city walls, there are �only blocks of marble and
broken columns built into the walls of the cottages.� The site of the theatre,
which faces the SW., is almost overgrown with luxuriant vegetation. It is very
large, and appears to be of Greek construction, but it is in a very ruined
state. Some parts of the substructions can be traced, but there is not a block
of marble to be seen, nor a single seat remaining in its place. There are
vestiges of the city walls in various parts, but it does not appear easy to
trace their whole extent. Hamilton in one place speaks of �heaps of ruins, long
walls, and indistinct foundations, but so overgrown with vegetation that it was
impossible to make them out.� He only found one inscription, a Greek one, of the
Roman period. �On the whole,� says Hamilton, �I must say that the loose and
rubbly character of the buildings of Cyzicus little accords with the celebrity
of its architects; and although some appear to have been cased with marble, none
of them give an idea of the solid grandeur of the genuine Greek style.� It seems
likely that the larger blocks of marble have been carried away, though there is
no large modern town near Cyzicus; but the materials of many ancient towns near
the sea have doubtless been carried off to remote places. There are quarries of
fine marble on the hills about Cyzicus, and near Aidinjik on the mainland; but
granite was much used in the buildings of Cyzicus, and it is of a kind which is
rapidly decomposed. The consequence is, that a rich vegetation has grown up,
which itself destroys buildings and buries them. The sea-sand also that has been
blown up on both sides of the isthmus may have covered the basements at least of
many buildings. It seems likely, then, that excavations would bring to light
many remains of a rich city, of which Strabo says, that in his time �it rivals
the first cities of Asia in magnitude, [1.741] beauty, and its excellent
institutions, both civil and military, and it appears to be embellished in like
fashion with the city of the Rhodii, the Massaliotae, and the Carthaginians of
old� (p. 575).
The origin of this town seems unknown. A people called Doliones or Dolieis (Steph.
s. v. Δολίονες) once lived about Cyzicus, but Strabo says that it was difficult
to fix their limits. Conon (Narrat. 41, apud Phot.) has a story of Cyzicus being
settled by Pelasgi from Thessaly, who were driven from Thessaly by Aeolians.
Their king and leader was Cyzicus, a son of Apollo, who gave his name to the
peninsula which he occupied; for it may be observed that it seems somewhat
doubtful, if we look at all the authorities, whether Cyzicus was considered by
the Greeks to have been originally an island or a peninsula. If it was
originally a peninsula, we must suppose that a canal was cut across it, and
afterwards was bridged. This king Cyzicus was killed by Jason on the voyage to
Colchis, and after the death of Cyzicus, perhaps some time after according to
the legend, Tyrrheni seized the place, who were driven out by Milesians. Cyzicus
was reckoned among the settlements of Miletus by Anaximenes of Lampsacus, and
also Artace on the same island or peninsula. (Strabo, p. 635.) Cyzicus is not
mentioned in the Iliad.
The Cyziceni are said to have surrendered to the Persians after the conquest of
Miletus. (Hdt. 6.33.) The place afterwards became a dependency on Athens; for it
revolted from the Athenians, who recovered it after the battle of Cynossema
(B.C. 411),--at which time it was unwalled, as Thucydides observes (8.107).
These scanty notices of Cyzicus, and the fact of its having no fortifications
near the close of the Peloponnesian War, seem to show that it was still an
inconsiderable city. The Athenians, on getting the place again, laid a
contribution on the people. The next year (B.C. 410) the Cyziceni had the same
ill luck. Mindarus the Spartan admiral was there with his ships, and Pharnabazus
the Persian with his troops. Alcibiades defeated Mindarus, and the Cyziceni,
being deserted by the Peloponnesians and Pharnabazus, again received the
Athenians, and again had to part with their money. We learn from the notice of
this affair in Xenophon (Xenoph. Hell. 1.1.16) that Cyzicus had a port at this
time. After the defeat of the Athenians at Aegospotami, Cyzicus seems to have
come again under the Lacedaemonians; but as the peace of Antalcidas (B.C. 387)
gave all the cities in Asia to the Persian king, Cyzicus was among them.
Cyzicus appears to have obtained its independence after the time of Alexander,
but the notices of it are very scanty. Attalus I. of Pergamum, the father of
Eumenes, married a woman of Cyzicus, named Apollonias, who was distinguished for
her good sense (Plb. 23.18); and we read of the Cyziceni sending twenty ships to
join the fleet of Athenaeus, the brother of Attalus II., King of Pergamum. (Plb.
33.11.) We know nothing of the fortunate circumstances which gave this town the
wealth that it had, when Mithridates attempted to take it B.C. 74. It is
probable that it had become one of the outlets for the products of the interior
of the Asiatic peninsula, and it is said to have been well administered. The
Cyziceni sustained a great loss in a fight with Mithridates at Chalcedon, and
soon after the king attacked Cyzicus. He posted his troops on the mainland
opposite to the city, at the foot of the mountain range of Adrasteia; and with
his ships he blockaded the narrow passage that separated the city from the main.
The strength of the walls, which had been built in the interval since the
Peloponnesian war, and the abundant stores of the citizens enabled them to hold
out against the enemy. The Roman commander L. Lucullus was in the neighbourhood
off Cyzicus, and he cut off the supplies of Mithridates, whose army suffered
from famine, and was at last obliged to abandon the siege with great loss. (Plut.
Luc. 100.9, &c.; Appian, Mithridat. 100.72, &c.; Strab. p. 575; Cic. pro Arch
100.9) The Romans rewarded Cyzicus by making it a Libera Civitas, as it was in
Strabo's time, who observes that it had a considerable territory, part of it an
ancient, possession and part the gift of the Romans. He adds that they possessed
on the Troad the parts beyond the Aesepus about Zeleia; and also the plain of
Adrasteia, which was that part of the mainland that was opposite to Cyzicus.
They had also part of the tract on the Lake Dascylitis, and a large tract
bordering on the Doliones and Mygdones, as far as the Lake Miletopolitis and the
Apolloniatis. Strabo (p. 587) speaks of a place at the common boundary of the
territory of Priapus and Cyzicus, from which it appears that the possessions of
these two towns bordered on one another, on the coast at least, in the time of
Strabo. Indeed Priapus, according to some authorities, was a colony of Cyzicus.
It appears that the greatest prosperity of Cyzicus dates from the time of the
defeat of Mithridates. It possessed a large tract on the south side of the
Propontis, and there were no other large cities on this side of the Propontis in
the Roman period, except Nicomedia and Nicaea. The produce of the basin of the
Rhyndacus would come down to Cyzicus. Tacitus (Tac. Ann. 4.36) says that
Tiberius (A.D. 25) deprived Cyzicus of its privilege of a free city (D. C. 54.7,
23; Sueton. Tib. 100.37) for not paying due religious respect to the memory of
Augustus, and for ill treating some Roman citizens. This shows that Strabo must
have written what he says of Cyzicus being Libera before the revocation. The
effect of the revocation of this privilege would be to place Cyzicus altogether
and immediately under the authority of the Roman governor of Asia. Cyzicus,
however, continued to be a flourishing place under the empire, though it
suffered from the great earthquake which has been already mentioned. In the time
of Caracalla it received the title of Metropolis. It also became a bishop's see
under the later empire.
Cyzicus produced some writers, a list of whom is given in a note on Thucydides
(8.107) by Wasse. (Cramer, Asia Minor, 1.47, note.) It had also some works of
art, among which Cicero (Cic. Ver. 2.4. 100.60) mentions paintings of Ajax and
Medea, which the dictator Caesar afterwards bought. (Plin. Nat. 8.38.) At some
period in their history the Cyziceni conquered Proconnesus, and carried off from
there a statue of the Meter Dindymene. It was a chryselephantine statue; but the
covering of the face, instead of being plates of ivory, was made of the teeth of
the hippopotamus. (Paus. 8.46.4.) Cyzicus also produced a kind of unguent or
perfume that was in repute, made from a plant which Pliny calls �Cyzicena
amaracus� (Plin. xiii.; Paus. 4.36.5); but Apollonius, quoted by Athenaeus (xv.
p. 688), speaks of it as made from an Iris. It was also noted for its mint,
which produced the gold coins or stateres called Cyziceni (Κυζικηνοί), which had
a wide circulation. The Cyzicenus had on one side a female head, and [1.742] on
the other a lion's head. (Hesychius, s. v. Κυζικηνοί; Suidas, s. v. Κυζικηνοί
στατῆρες.) The head is supposed to be that of Cybele. The value of the coin was
28 Attic drachmae. (Dem. in Phorm. p. 914.) The autonomous coins of Cyzicus are
said to be rare, but there is a complete series of imperial coins. It does not
appear where the Cyziceni got their gold from, but it is not improbable that it
was once found on the island or on the neighbouring mainland. Pliny (36.15) says
that there was in his time a temple at Cyzicus, in which the architect had
placed a golden thread along all the joinings of the polished stone. The
contrast between the gold and the white marble would probably produce a good
effect. The passage of Pliny contains something more about Cyzicus, and the
story of the �fugitivus lapis,� which was once the anchor of the Argonautae. The
stone often ran away from the Prytaneum, till at last they wisely secured it
with lead. - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,
William Smith, LLD, Ed.
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