Map of the Roman Empire -
Mauritania Tingitana
Mauritania Tingitana
B-8 on the Map
Ancient Mauritania Tingitana - Mauretania. Ruled by Bocchus in alliance
with Rome, and afterwards by Juba II. Made into two Roman provinces, Tingitana,
Morocco, and Caesariensis, Algiers, by Claudius. Conquered by the
Vandals under Genseric, A. D. 429. — Mountains: Atlas. — Rivers: Multicha. —
Fretum Gaditanum, Strait of Gibraltar. — Columns of Hercules. —
Masssesylii. - Ancient Geography
Mauritania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern
Africa, coinciding roughly with the northern part of modern Morocco and Spanish
cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The province extended from the northern peninsula,
opposite Gibraltar, to Chellah (or Sala) and Volubilis to the south, and as far
east as the Oued Laou river. Its capital city was the city of Tingis, modern
Tangier, after which it was named. Other major cities of the province were Iulia
Valentia Banasa and Lixus.
History.
After the death of Ptolemy of Mauretania, the last king of Mauretania in AD 40,
Roman emperor Claudius changed the kingdom Mauretania into two Roman provinces:
Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. The Mulucha (Moulouya River),
about 60 km west of modern Oran, Algeria became the border separating them. The
Roman occupation did not extend very far into the continent. In the far west,
the southern limit of imperial rule was Volubilis, which was ringed with
military camps such as Tocolosida slightly to the south east and Ain Chkour to
the north west, and a fossatum or defensive ditch. On the Atlantic coast Sala
Colonia was protected by another ditch and a rampart and a line of watchtowers.
This was not a continuous line of fortifications: there is no evidence of a
defensive wall like the one that protected the turbulent frontier in Britannia
at the other extremity of the Roman Empire. Rather, it was a network of forts
and ditches that seems to have functioned as a filter. The limes– the word from
which the English word “limit” is derived – protected the areas that were under
direct Roman control by funnelling contacts with the interior through the major
settlements, regulating the links between the nomads and transhumants with the
towns and farms of the occupied areas. The same people lived on both sides of
these limes, although the population was really quite small. Volubilis had
perhaps twenty thousand inhabitants at most in the second century. On the
evidence of inscriptions, only around ten per cent of them were of European
origin, mainly Spanish; the rest were local. Roman historians (like Ptolemeus)
considered that all actual Morocco until the Atlas mountains was part of the
Roman Empire, because in the Augustus times Mauretania was a vassal state and
his rulers (like Juba II) controlled all the areas south of Volubilis. But the
effective control of Roman legionaries was until the area of Sala Colonia (the
castra "Exploratio Ad Mercurios" south of Sala is the southernmost discovered
until now). Anyway some historians believe the Roman frontier reached actual
Casablanca, founded by Romans as a port.
The Roman Province.
During the reign of Juba II Emperor Augustus, had already founded three colonias
(with Roman citizens) in Mauretania close to the Atlantic coast: Iulia
Constantia Zilil, Iulia Valentia Banasa and Iulia Campestris Babba. This western
part of Mauretania was to become the province called Mauretania Tingitana
shortly afterwards. The region remained a part of the Roman Empire until 429 as
the Vandals overran the area and Roman administrative presence came to an end.
The most important city of Mauretania Tingitana was Volubilis. This city was the
administrative and economic center of this province in western Roman Africa. The
fertile lands of the province produced many commodities such as grain and olive
oil, which were exported to Rome, contributing to the province's wealth and
prosperity. Archaeology has documented the presence of a Jewish community in the
Roman period. The principal exports from Mauretania Tingitana were purple dyes
and valuable woods; Tingitana also supplied Rome with agricultural goods and
animals, such as lions and leopards. The native Mauri were highly regarded and
recruited by the Romans as soldiers, especially as light cavalry. Clementius
Valerius Marcellinus is recorded as governor (praeses) between 24 October 277
and 13 April 280. According to tradition, the martyrdom of St Marcellus took
place on 28 July 298 at Tingis (Tangier). During the Tetrarchy (Emperor
Diocletian's reform of Roman governmental structures in 296), Mauretania
Tingitana became part of the Diocese of Hispaniae, 'the Spains', and, by
extension, part of the Praetorian Prefecture of the Gauls. (Mauretania
Caesariensis was in the Diocese of Africa. Lucilius Constantius is recorded as
governor (praeses) in the late fourth century. The Notitia Dignitatum shows
also, in its military organisation, a Comes Tingitaniae with a field army
composed of two legions, three vexillations, and two auxilia palatina. Flavius
Memorius held this office (comes) at some point during the middle of the fourth
century. However, it is implicit in the source material that there was a single
military command for both of the Mauretanian provinces, with a Dux Mauretaniae
(a lower rank) controlling seven cohorts and one ala. The Germanic Vandals
established themselves in the province of Baetica in 422 under their king,
Gunderic, and, from there, they carried out raids on Mauretania Tingitana. In
427, the Comes Africae, Bonifacius, rejected an order of recall from the Emperor
Valentinian III, and he defeated an army sent against him. He was less fortunate
when a second force was sent in 428. In that year, Gunderic was succeeded by
Gaiseric, and Bonifacius invited Gaiseric into Africa, providing a fleet to
enable the passage of the Vandals to Tingis. Bonifacius intended to confine the
Vandals to Mauretania, but, once they had crossed the straits, they rejected any
control and marched on Carthage, inflicting grievous suffering.
- Wikipedia
Mauretania and Mauritania (“black”) (Pausan. i. 33.5; viii. 43.3). The
most westerly of the principal divisions of northern Africa, lying between the
Atlantic on the west, the Mediterranean on the north, Numidia on the east, and
Gaetulia on the south; but the districts embraced under the names of Mauretania
and Numidia respectively were of very different extent at different periods. The
earliest known inhabitants of all northern Africa west of the Syrtes were the
Gaetulians, who were displaced and driven inland by peoples of Asiatic origin,
who are found, in the earliest historical accounts, settled along the northern
coast under various names; their chief tribes being the Mauri or Maurusii, west
of the river Malva or Malucha (Muluia); thence the Massaesylii to (or nearly to)
the river Ampsaga (Wady-el-Kebir), and the Massylii between the Ampsaga and the
Tusca (Wady-Zain), the western boundary of the Carthaginian territory. Of these
people, the Mauri, who possessed a greater breadth of fertile country between
the Atlas and the coasts, seem to have applied themselves more to the settled
pursuits of agriculture than their kindred neighbours on the east, whose
unsettled warlike habits were moreover confirmed by their greater exposure to
the intrusions of the Phœnician settlers. Hence arose a difference, which the
Greeks marked by applying the general name of ??µ?de? to the tribes between the
Malva and the Tusca; whence came the Roman names of Numidia for the district,
and Numidae for its people. (See Numidia.) Thus Mauretania was at first only the
country west of the Malva, and corresponded to the later district of Mauretania
Tingitana, and to the modern empire of Morocco, except that the latter extends
further south; the ancient boundary on the south was the Atlas. The Romans first
became acquainted with the country during the war with Iugurtha in B.C. 106.
From 106 to 33 the kingdom of Mauretania was increased by the addition of the
western part of Numidia, as far as Saldae, which Iulius Caesar bestowed on Bogud,
as a reward for his services in the African war. A new arrangement was made
about 25, when Augustus gave Mauretania to Iuba II., in exchange for his
paternal kingdom of Numidia. Upon the murder of Iuba's son, Ptolemaeus, by
Caligula (A.D. 40), Mauretania became finally a Roman province, and was formally
constituted as such by Claudius, who added to it nearly half of what was still
left of Numidia—namely, as far as the Ampsaga, and divided it into two parts, of
which the western was called Tingitana, from its capital Tingis (Tangier), and
the eastern Caesariensis, from its capital Iulia Caesarea (Zershell), the
boundary between them being the river Malva, the old limit of the kingdom of
Bocchus I. The latter corresponded to the western and central part of the modern
French department of Algiers. These “Mauretaniae duae” were governed by an
equestrian procurator. In the later division of the Empire under Diocletian and
Constantine, the eastern part of Mauretania Caesariensis, from Saldae to the
Ampsaga, was erected into a new province, and called Mauretania Sitifensis from
the inland town of Sitifi (Setif); at the same time the western province,
Mauretania Tingitana, seems to have been placed under the same government as
Spain, so that we still find mention of the two Mauretanias, meaning now,
however, Caesariensis and Sitifensis. From A.D. 429 to 534 Mauretania was in the
hands of the Vandals, and in 650 and the following years it was conquered by the
Arabs. Its ancient inhabitants still exist as powerful tribes in Morocco and
Algeria, under the names of Berbers, Kabyles, and Tuariks. Under the later Roman
emperors Mauretania was remarkable for the great number of its episcopal sees.
- Harry Thurston Peck. Harpers Dictionary
of Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898.
MAURETA´NIA
MAURETA´NIA the NW. coast of Africa, now known as the Empire of Marocco, Fez,
and part of Algeria, or the Mogh'rib-al-akza (furthest west) of the natives.
I. Name, Limits, and Inhabitants.
This district, which was separated on the E. from Numidia, by the river Ampsaga,
and on the S. from Gaetulia, by the snowy range of the Atlas, was washed upon
the N. coast by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the Atlantic. From the
earliest times it was occupied by a people whom the ancients distinguished by
the name MAURUSII (Eth. Μαυρούσιος, Strab. i. p.5, iii. pp. 131, 137, xvii. pp.
825, 827; Liv. 24.49; Verg. A. 4.206; Μαυρήνσιοι, Ptol. 4.1.11) or MAURI (Μαυροί,
“Blacks,” in the Alexandrian dialect, Paus. i, 33 § 5, 8.43. [2.297] § 3; Sal.
Jug. 19; Pomp. Mela, 1.4.3; Liv. 21.22, 28.17; Hor. Carm. 1.22. 2, 2.6. 3, 3.10.
18; Tac. Ann. 2.52, 4.523, 14.28, Hist. 1.78, 2.58, 4.50; Lucan 4.678; Juv.
5.53, 6.337; Flor. 3.1, 4.2); hence the name MAURETANIA (the proper form as it
appears in inscriptions, Orelli, Inscr. 485, 3570, 3672; and on coins, Eckhel,
vol. vi. p. 48; comp. Tzchucke, ad Pomp. Mela, 1.5.1) or MAURITANIA (Μαυριτανία,
Ptol. 4.1.2; Caes. B.C. 1.6, 39; Hirt. B. Afr. 22; Pomp. Mela, 1.5; Plin. Nat.
5.1; Eutrop. 4.27, 8.5; Flor. iv. (the MSS. and printed editions vary between
this form and that of Mauretania); ἡ Μαυρούσιων γῆ, Strab. p. 827). These Moors,
who must not be considered as a different race from the Numidians, but as a
tribe belonging to the same stock, were represented by Sallust (Sal. Jug. 21) as
a remnant of the army of Hercules, and by Procopius (B. V. 2.10) as the
posterity of the Cananaeans who fled from the robber (ληστής) Joshua; he quotes
two columns with a Phoenician inscription. Procopius has been supposed to be the
only, or at least the most ancient, author who mentions this inscription, and
the invention of it has been attributed to himself; it occurs, however, in the
history of Moses of Chorene (1.18), who wrote more than a century before
Procopius. The same inscription is mentioned by Suidas (s. v. Χανάαν), who
probably quotes from Procopius. According to most of the Arabian writers, who
adopted a nearly similar tradition, the indigenous inhabitants of N. Africa were
the people of Palestine, expelled by David, who passed into Africa under the
guidance of Goliah, whom they call Djalout. (St. Martin, Le Beau, Bas Empire,
vol. xi. p. 328; comp. Gibbon, c. xli.) These traditions, though so palpably
fabulous, open a field to conjecture. Without entering into this, it seems
certain that the Berbers or Berēbers, from whom it has been conjectured that N.
Africa received the name of Barbary or Barbaria, and whose language has been
preserved in remote mountainous tracts, as well as in the distant regions of the
desert, are the representatives of the ancient inhabitants of Mauretania. (Comp.
Prichard, Physical Hist. of Mankind, vol. ii. pp. 15--43.) The gentile name of
the Berbers--Amazigh, “the noble language” --is found, according to an
observation of Castiglione, even in Herodotus (4.191, ed. Bähr),--where the
correct form is MAZYES (Μαζύες, Hecataeus, ap. Steph. B. sub voce s. u.), which
occurs in the MSS., while the printed editions erroneously give Μαξύες (Niebuhr,
Lect. on Anc. Ethnog. and Geog. vol. ii. p. 334),--as well as in the later
MAZICES of Ammianus Marcellinus (29.5; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. iii. p. 471;
comp. Gibbon, c. xxv.).
II. Physical Geography.
From the extraordinary capabilities of the soil--one vast corn plain extending
from the foot of Atlas to the shores of the Atlantic--Mauretania was formerly
the granary of the world. (Plin. Nat. 18.20.) Under a bigoted and fanatical
government, the land that might give food to millions, is now covered with
weeds. Throughout the plains, which rise by three great steps to the mountains,
there is great want of wood; even on the skirts of the Atlas, the timber does
not reach any great size-nothing to justify the expression of Pliny ( “opacum
nemorosumque” 5.1; comp. Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. i. pp. 123--155; Barth,
Wanderungen).
Strabo (xvii. pp. 826--832) has given an account of the productions of
Mauretania, marvellous enough, in some particulars, as where he describes
weasels as large as cats, and leeches 10 ft. long; and among other animals the
crocodile, which there can scarcely be any river of Marocco capable of
nourishing, even if the climate were to permit it. (In Aegypt, where the average
heat is equal to that of Senegambia, the crocodile is seldom seen so low as
Siout.) Pliny (8.1) agrees with Strabo (p. 827) in asserting that Mauretania
produced elephants. As the whole of Barbary is more European than African, it
may be doubted whether the elephant, which is no longer found there, was ever
indigenous, though it may have been naturalised by the Carthaginians, to whom
elephants were of importance, as part of their military establishment. Appian
(B. P. 9) says that when preparing for their last war with the Romans, they sent
Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, to hunt elephants; he could have hardly gone into
Aethiopia for this purpose. Shaw (Trav. p. 258; Jackson, Marocco, p. 55)
confirms, in great measure, the statements of Strabo (p. 830) and of Aelian (Ael.
NA 3.136, 6.20) about the scorpion and the “phalangium,” a species of the “arachnidae.”
The “solitanus,” of which Varro (de Re Rustica, 4.14.4; Plin. Nat. 9.82) gives
so wonderful an account, has not been identified. Copper is still worked as in
the days of Strabo (p. 830), and the natives continue to preserve the grain,
legumes, and other produce of their husbandry in “matmoures,” or conical
excavations in the ground, as recorded by Pliny (18.73; Shaw, p. 221).
Mauretania, which may be described generally as the highlands of N.Africa,
elevates itself like an island between the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the
great ocean of sand which cuts it off towards the S. and E. This “plateau”
separates itself from the rest of Africa, and approximates, in the form and
structure, the height, and arrangement of its elevated masses, to the system of
mountains in the Spanish peninsula, of which, if the straits of the
Mediterranean were dried up, it would form a part. A description of these
Atlantic highlands is given in the article ATLAS
Many rivers flow from this great range, and fall into the Mediterranean, and the
Atlantic. Of these, the most important on the N. coast were, in a direction from
E. to W., the AMPSAGA, USAR, CHINALAPH, and MULUCHA; on the W. coast, in a
direction from NE. to SW., the SUBUR, SALA, PHUTH, and LIXUS.
The coast-line, after passing the AMPSAGA (Wadel-Kíbir) and SINUS NUMIDICUS, has
the harbours IGILGILIS (Jijeli), SALDAE Ps. (Bujeiyah), and RUSUCURRIUM (Tedlez).
Weighing from Algiers, and passing IOMNIUM (Ras-al-Kanatir), to stand towards
the W., there is a rocky and precipitous coast, mostly bold, in which in
succession were the ports and creeks IOL (Zershell), CARTENNA (Tenez), MURUSTAGA
(Mostaghanom), ARSENARIA (Arzán), QUIZA (Wahran or Oran); PORTUS MAGNUS (Marsa
Kíbir), within METAGONIUM PROM. (Ras-al-Harsbah); and ACRA (Ishgún). The MULUCHA
falls into the Gulf of Melîlah of the charts. About 10 miles to the NW. of this
river lay the TRES INSULAE (Zaphran or Ja'ferëi group); about 30 miles distant
from these rocks, on a NW. by W. rhumb, was RUSADIR PROM. (Cap Tres Forcas of
the Spanish pilots, or Ras-ud-Dehar of the natives), and in the bight formed
between it and the Mulucha stood RUSADIR [2.298] （Melîlah.) W. of Cap Tres
Forcas, which is a termination of an offshoot of the secondary chain of the
Atlas, was the district of the METAGONITAE extending to ABYLA (Jebel-el-Mina).
From here to TINGIS (Tangier) the coast is broken by alternate cliffs and coves;
and, still standing to the W., a bold shore presents itself as far as the fine
headland of AMPELUSIA (Cape Spartel; Ras-el-Shukkúr of the natives). From Cape
Spartel to the SSW. as far as ZILIS (Arzila), the coast-line is a flat, sandy,
and shingly beach, after which it becomes more bold as it reaches LIXUS (Al-Harátch
or Laráiche). (Smyth, The Mediterranean, pp. 94--99.) A description of the SW.
coast is given in the article LIBYA (Comp. C. Müller, Tab. ad Geog. Graec.
Minors, ed. Didot, Paris, 1855; West Coast of Africa surveyed, by Arlett, Vidal,
and Boteler, 1832; Côte occidentale de l'Afrique au Dépot de la Marine, Paris,
1852; Carte de l'Empire de Maroc, par E. Renou, 1844; Barth, Karte vom Nord
Afrikanischen Gestadeland, Berlin, 1849.)
III. History and Political Geography.
The Romans first became acquainted with this country when the war with Hannibal
was transferred to Africa; Mauretania was the unknown land to the W. of the
Mulucha. In the Jugurthine War, Bocchus, who is called king of Mauretania,
played the traitor's part so skilfully that he was enabled to hand over his
kingdom to his two sons Bogudes and Bocchus, who were associated upon the
throne. These princes, from their hostility to the Pompeian party, were
confirmed as joint kings of Mauretania by J. Caesar in B.C. 49. During the civil
war between M. Antonius and Octavius, Bocchus sided with the latter, while
Bogudes was allied with Antonius. When Bogudes crossed into Spain, Bocchus
seized upon his brother's dominions; a usurpation which was ratified by Octavius.
In B.C. 25, Octavius gave to Juba II., who was married to the daughter of
Cleopatra and Antonius, the two provinces of Mauretania (afterwards called
Tingitana and Caesariensis) which had formed the kingdom of Bogudes and Bocchus,
in exchange for Numidia, now made a Roman province. Juba was succeeded by his
son Ptolemy, whom Selene, Cleopatra's daughter, bore to him. (Strab. xvii. pp.
828, 831, 840.) Tiberius loaded Ptolemy with favours on account of the
assistance he gave the Romans in the war with Tacfarinas (Tac. Ann. 4.23-26);
but in A.D. 41 he was put to death by Caligula. (D. C. 59.25; Suet. Cal. 26;
Seneca, de Tranq. 11.) For coins of these native princes, see Eckhel, vol. iv.
pp. 154--161.
In A.D. 42, Claudius divided the kingdom into two provinces, separated from each
other by the river Mulucha, the ancient frontier between the territories of
Bocchus and Jugurtha; that to the W. was called MAURETANIA TINGITANA, and that
to the E. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS. (D. C. 60.9; Plin. Nat. 5.1.) Both were
imperial provinces (Tac. Hist. 1.11, 2.58; Spart. Hadr. 6, “Mauretaniae
praefectura” ), and were strengthened by numerous Roman “coloniae.” M. Tingitana
contained in the time of Pliny (l.c.) five, three of which, ZILIS, BABBA, and
BANASA as they were founded by Augustus when Mauretania was independent of Rome,
were reckoned as belonging to Baetica. (Plin. l.c.; Pomp. Mela, 3.10.5.) TINGI
and LIXUS were colonies of Claudius (Plin. l.c.); to which were added in later
times RUSADIR and VOLUBILIS (Itin. Ant.). M. Caesariensis contained eight
colonies founded by Augustus, CARTENNA, GUNUGI, IGILGILI, RUSCONIAE, RUSAZUS,
SALDE, SUCCABAR, TUBUSUPTUS; two by Claudius, CAESAREIA formerly IOL the capital
of Juba, who gave it this name in honour of his patron Augustus, and OPPIDUM
NOVUM; one by Nerva, SITIFIS; and in later times, ARSENARIA, BIDA, SIGA, AQUAE
CALIDAE, QUIZA, RUSUCURRIUM, AUZIA, GILVA, ICOSIUM, and TIPASA in all 21
well-known colonies, besides several “municipia” and “oppida Latina.” The
Notitia enumerates no less than 170 episcopal towns in the two provinces. (Comp.
Morcelli, Africa Christiana, vol. i. pp. 40--43.) About A.D. 400, Mauretania
Tingitana was under a “Praeses,” in the diocese of Spain; while Mauretania
Caesariensis, which still remained in the hands of the diocese of Africa, was
divided into MAURETANIA I. or SITIFENSIS, and MAURETANIA II. or CAESARIENSIS.
The emperor Otho had assigned the cities of Mauretania to Baetica (Tac. Hist.
1.78); but this probably applied only to single places, since we find the two
Mauretaniae remained unchanged down to the time of Constantine. Marquardt, in
Becker's Handbuch der Röm. Alt. pp. 230--232; Morcelli, Africana Christiana,
vol. i. p. 25.)
In A.D. 429, the Vandal king Genseric, at the invitation of Count Boniface,
crossed the straits of Gades, and Mauretania, with the other African provinces,
fell into the hands of the barbarian conquerors. Belisarius, “the Africanus of
New Rome,” destroyed the kingdom of the Vandals, and Mauretania again became a
Roman province under an Eastern exarch. One of his ablest generals, John the
Patrician, for a time repressed the inroads of the Moors upon Roman civilisation;
and under his successor, the eunuch Solomon, the long-lost province of
Mauretania Sitifensis was restored to the empire; while the Second Mauretania,
with the exception of Caesareia itself, was in the hands of Mastigas and the
Moors. (Comp. Gibbon, cc. xli. xliii.; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. viii.) At
length, in A.D. 698--709, when the Arabs made the final conquest of
Africa,--desolated for 300 years since the first fury of the Vandals,--the Moors
or Berbers adopted the religion, the name, and the origin of their conquerors,
and sunk back into their more congenial state of Mahometan savages.
Pliny (l.c.) makes out the breadth of the two Mauretaniae as 467 M. P.; but this
will be too much even for Tingitania, where Mount Atlas lies more to the S., and
more than 300 M. P. beyond the utmost extent of any part of Caesariensis. The
same author gives 170 M. P., which are too few for Tingitania, and 879 M. P.,
which are too many for Caesariensis. (Shaw, Trav. p. 9.)
The following tribes are enumerated by Ptolemy (4.2. § § 17--22) in I.
MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS:--TODUCAE (Τοδοῦκαι), on the left bank of the Ampsaga;
to the N. of these, COEDAMUSII (Κοιδαμούσιοι), and still more to the N., towards
the coast, and to the E. on the Ampsaga, MUCUNI (Μουκοῦνοι) and CHITUAE (Χιτοῦαι);
to the W. of the latter, TULENSII (Τουλήνσιοι and BANIURI (Βανίουροι); S. of
these, MACHURES (Μαχοῦρες), SALASSII (Σαλάσσιοι), and MALCHUBII (Μαλχούβιοι);
NW. of the TULENSII, and to the E. of ZALACUS M., and on the coast, MACCHUREBI (Μακχουρῆβοι);
W. of these, and N. of Zalacus, on the mouth of the Chinalaph, MACHUSII (Μαχούσιοι);
below them on the other [2.299] side of Zalacus, MAZICES (Μάζικες); and S., up
to the GARAPHI M., BANTURARII (Βαντουράριοι); still further to the S., between
GARAPHI M. and CINNABA M., AQUENSII (Ἀκουήνσιοι), MYCENI (Μυκῆνοι), and MACCURAE
(Μακκοῦραι); and below them, in the S., on the N. spurs of Cinnaba, ENABASI (Ἐνάβασοι);
W. of these, between Garaphi M. and DURDUS M., NACMUSII (Νακμούσιοι), ELULII (Ἠλούλιοι),
and TOLOTAE (Τολῶται); N. of these and Durdus M., DRYITAE (Δρϋῖται); then SORAE
(Σῶραι); and on the W. of the Machusii, TALADUSII (Ταλαδούσιοι). The HERPEDITANI
(Ἑρπεδιτανοί) extended into II. MAURETANIA TINGITANA (Ptol. 4.1. § § 10--12); to
the S. of them, the MAURENSII (Μαυρήνσιοι); toward the SW., VACUATAE (Οὐακουᾶται),
BANIUBAE (Βανιοῦβαι); then, advancing to the N., ZEGRENSII (Ζεγρήνσιοι),
NECTIBERES (Νεκτίβηρες), JANGAUCANI (Ἰανγαυκανοί), VOLUBILIANI (Οὐαβιλιανοί),
VERVES (Οὐερουεῖς), and SOCOSSII (Σωκοσσίοι), upon the coast; to the W., the
METAGONITAE (Μεταγωνῖται); and to the S. of them, MASICES (Μάσικες), and
VERBICAE or VERBICES (Οὐέρβικαι al. Οὐέρβικες); to the S. and to the W. of the
VOLUBILIANI, SALINSAE (Σαλίνσαι) and CAUNI (Καῦνοι); still further to the S., to
the Little Atlas, BACUATAE (Βακουᾶται) and MACANITAE (Μακανῖται).
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed.