In ancient Rome the “centurion” meant “captain of 100”, and the Roman centurion was captain over 100 foot soldiers in a legion. The centurion was loyal and courageous, beginning as a soldier in the army and working their way up the ranks. They were noticed by the general for their skill and courage in battle, and were made officers.
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There are five primary sources for the study of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, the Temple of Herod. They are: The BibleThe Books of MaccabeesJosephus*The Dead Sea ScrollsThe Mishna** *War book 5, chapter 5; Antiquities book 15 chapter 11**tractates ...
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 was found the “Scroll of Isaiah” inside of a clay jar and well preserved, dating to the 2nd century BC. The entire Hebrew text of the prophet Isaiah was found in “perfect” condition. When compared...
This bust was discovered by archaeologists at Meroe (Modern Sudan) and is currently in the British Museum. It depicts the face of the Roman Emperor Augustus who ordered the census just before the birth of Jesus. This brought the parents of Jesus (Jos...
The ancient Romans were remarkable engineers when it came to managing water supply and sewage systems. They developed sophisticated systems that provided clean water for public use and efficiently removed wastewater from cities. Water Supply: Aqueduc...
The ancient Greeks and Romans left a lasting legacy in the field of medicine, with their innovative theories and treatments that shaped the foundations of Western medicine. Drawing upon a combination of empirical observations, philosophical insights,...
The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall or Kotel, is a significant religious site in Jerusalem, Israel. It is a section of the retaining wall that once surrounded the Second Temple's courtyard and is revered as the most sacred site for Jewis...
The ancient Greeks made remarkable achievements in art and architecture, leaving a lasting impact on Western civilization. Some of their major accomplishments include: Sculpture: Greek sculpture reached unparalleled heights, with an emphasis on ideal...
Only the Jewish historian Josephus provides us with what little information is known about Pilate’s life before 26 A.D. when Tiberius Caesar appointed him procurator of Judea. The sketchy information suggests that Pilate was probably an Italian bor...
The Huldah Gates, located on the southern wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, are a significant archaeological and historical feature. These gates served as entrances and exits for worshippers ascending to the Temple during the Second Temple perio...
In 1846 an English traveler and artist named Austen Henry Layard was digging around the ruins of ancient Nimrud (known as Calah) in northern Iraq. He discovered something amazing, a black limestone obelisk now referred to as “The Black Obelisk of S...
The ancient historian Tacitus mentioned Pontius Pilate by name (Ann. xv. 44) and that he was appointed in A.D. 25-26, “in the twelfth year of Tiberius.” Pontius Pilate was the sixth Roman procurator of Judea, and under him our Lord worked, suffer...
In the Temple of Artemis also referred to as Diana the statue of the Roman goddess was depicted as covered entirely with breasts. This is because Diana was the goddess of fertility, and the multi-breasts were denoting fertility, nourishing the living...
The Black Sea was known in ancient times as the Euxine and in the Roman Empire as Pontus Euxinus, and many ships sailed along its borders. The Black Sea was not mentioned in the Bible, although it was a northern boundary in the Roman Empire and the N...
Geographically, the Old Testament “world” extended from the Nile river in the south west, to eastern Greece in the north west, to the Caspian Sea on the north east to the mountains just east of the Persian Gulf on the south east. The entire area ...
Scholars recognize that the primary sources for the study of ancient Assyria are the Assyrian Annals, the Assyrian Chronicles and Eponym Canon, The Assyrian King List, Assyrian Sculptures, and the Bible. The Assyrian Annals. The scribes of the chief ...
Matthew 17:1 – After six days, Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John his brother, and brought them up into a high mountain by themselves. In the 4th century AD a tradition was established that Mount Tabor was the scene of the transfiguration a...
The Bible does not provide specific details about Abraham's dress or clothing. However, we can infer some general information about the attire of people during that time period and cultural context. Abraham lived during the early second millennium BC...
According to the biblical account in Exodus 14, the Israelites crossed the Red Sea during their escape from Egypt. When they reached the shores of the sea, Moses stretched out his hand, and God caused a strong east wind to blow all night, parting the...
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